Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta Chipre. Mostrar todas as mensagens
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta Chipre. Mostrar todas as mensagens
novembro 24, 2012
dezembro 21, 2010
Irritação da Turquia sobre o pacto Chipre-Israel
Turkish authorities yesterday warned that a bilateral economic deal between Cyprus and Israel aimed at mutual prospecting for oil in the eastern Mediterranean could strain ongoing United Nations-mediated talks aimed at reunifying the divided island.
According to Turkey’s semiofficial Anatolia news agency, the Turkish Foreign Ministry’s undersecretary, Feridun Sinirlioglu, warned Gaby Levy, Israel’s ambassador to Turkey, that the deal would have a negative impact. Sinirlioglu argued that “such unilateral moves [on behalf of the Greek Cypriots] that ignore the will of the Turkish-Cypriot side will harm ongoing settlement talks on the island.”
Meanwhile, diplomatic sources told Kathimerini that Ankara aims to pressure Israel into breaking its pact with Cyprus. The sources said Ankara may use its ties with Lebanon and militant Shiite movement Hezbollah as a way of exerting pressure on Israel. Nicosia has made similar deals with Lebanon and Egypt, which Turkey also has urged the Arab nations to break.
Israel yesterday defended its decision. “This agreement is an issue between Israel and Cyprus and it in no way affects a third country,” Israel’s Foreign Ministry spokesman Yigal Palmor was quoted as saying by Agence France-Presse. “We do not see how a third country would have anything to say about it,” he added. Another unidentified Israeli official accused Turkey of “monstrous chutzpah” for using “as an argument its occupation of the northern part of Cyprus to denounce the deal.”
The agreement defines the sea border between Cyprus and Israel and delineates an exclusive economic zone between the two countries, allowing them to prospect for oil together. Already the discovery of a huge gas deposit off the Israeli port of Haifa, and close to Cyprus, has fueled great interest in the region’s potential.
Ver notícia no Kathimerini
abril 28, 2009
‘Vitória dos nacionalistas no Norte de Chipre obscurece esperanças de reunificação‘ in The Economist

The prospects of a united Cyprus receded when a nationalist party won the parliamentary election in the north on April 19th. The National Unity Party, led by the hawkish Dervish Eroglu, took 44% of the vote, giving it 26 of the 50 seats. The vote for the ruling Republican Turkish Party, which backs reunification, fell to 29%. This reflects voters’ disillusion over the UN-sponsored peace talks that have dragged on since Turkish troops seized the northern third of the island in 1974 after a failed attempt by ultra-nationalist Greek-Cypriots to unite with Greece.
The result will also damage Turkey’s faltering membership talks with the European Union. Turkey faces a December deadline to open air- and seaports to Greek-Cypriots. It refuses to do so until the EU eases trade restrictions on northern Cyprus. Sweden, which takes on the EU’s presidency in July, is looking for a way to avert yet another train-wreck between Turkey and the EU. One idea is for Turkey to open a symbolic port or two only (though this was also tried two years ago by the Finnish EU presidency).
Hopes of a breakthrough now hinge on talks between the Greek-Cypriot president, Demetris Christofias, and his Turkish-Cypriot counterpart, Mehmet Ali Talat. Mr Talat led the campaign to persuade Turkish-Cypriots to vote in favour of the UN’s Annan plan to reunite the island in 2004. But the Greek-Cypriots overwhelmingly rejected the plan in a separate vote, so Cyprus joined the EU as a divided island. The Greek-Cypriots have been subverting Turkey’s EU membership talks ever since.
The mood improved markedly when Mr Christofias, who like his fellow left-winger, Mr Talat, favours a settlement, was elected president in February 2008. Substantive peace talks began last year with the backing of Turkey’s government, still keen on a settlement similar to that proposed in the Annan plan. This calls for the establishment of a bi-zonal, bi-communal federation between Greeks and Turks.
Mr Eroglu publicly espouses the idea of reunification, saying that talks between Mr Talat and Mr Christofias must continue. Yet many suspect he prefers the status quo, which means continued dependence on Turkey and keeping 30,000 Turkish troops. Mr Eroglu talks of sending “a representative” to the peace talks. If he sticks to his campaign pledge to scrap a commission set up under Mr Talat to return occupied properties to Greek-Cypriots, the talks may collapse altogether.
Despite all this, Mr Talat met Mr Christofias again on April 21st. In a show of support, Turkey’s prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, made clear that he would not tolerate mischief-making by Mr Eroglu. “We will not be supporting any steps that will weaken the hand of the president,” Mr Erdogan insisted. Some fret that Mr Erdogan may yet yield to hawks in his own party. Another worry is whether Turkey’s generals really want a deal.
What is clear is that the EU complicated matters hugely by letting a divided Cyprus join. “Had [the EU] been less rigid and cleverer, it would have lifted the sanctions long ago and thereby minimised the dependency of northern Cyprus on Ankara,” argues Yavuz Baydar, a commentator. It would also have eased Turkey’s accession to the EU. But that is just what Turkey’s detractors inside the EU do not want.
http://www.economist.com/world/europe/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=13527550
JPTF 2009/04/28
dezembro 09, 2008
A Questão de Chipre: Implicações para a União Europeia e a Adesão da Turquia
Situada no extremo oriental do mar Mediterrâneo, próxima da Turquia, da Síria e do Líbano, a ilha de Chipre é o território da União Europeia geograficamente mais afastado de Portugal. A distância geográfica acompanha a distância no (des)conhecimento da realidade política, social, económica e cultural do país. Chipre só tem visibilidade nos media quando as negociações de adesão da Turquia à União Europeia colidem com o problema da reunificação e as posições do governo cipriota.
Como é que se chegou a esta situação invulgar para a actual island of peace europeia? Porque é que a ilha foi dividida em 1974, de uma maneira que faz lembrar a Alemanha durante a Guerra Fria? Qual a razão porque este novo Estado-membro da União Europeia entrou truncado em mais de 1/3 do seu território e em cerca de 1/5 da sua população? Porque falhou o plano Plano Annan, no seu objectivo de reunificar as duas partes da ilha em 2004? Que se pode esperar do novo processo negociai relançado em 2008? Quais as consequências da perpetuação deste conflito para o futuro europeu e a adesão da Turquia? A análise em profundidade destas questões, numa abrangente perspectiva histórica, política e de relações internacionais, é o objecto central deste livro que preenche um vazio face à inexistência de estudos portugueses, de perfil académico-científico, sobre este importante assunto da política europeia e internacional (URL).
abril 12, 2008
Qual o melhor modelo para um futuro Chipre unificado?
A propósito do relançamento do processo de negociações para a reunificação de Chipre, Andreas Theophanous da Universidade de Nicosia, analisa aquele poderá ser o melhor modelo para garantir o futuro da ilha (simbólica foi a recente re-abertura da passagem em Ledra Street, uma artéria central da dividida Nicosia, tema do livro de prosa poética de Nora Nadjarian). Num artigo publicado no jornal Cyprus Daily, usa, como ponto de partida para esta discussão, dois modelos teóricos de identidade nacional/colectiva: o modelo liberal e modelo etnonacionalista (ver o artigo de Jerry Z. Muller na Foreign Affairs); a estes dois poderíamos acrescentar ainda um terceiro, o modelo multiculturalista. A escolha do modelo de estado e de cidadania é, sem dúvida, um dos pontos mais sensíveis da questão da reunificação cipriota. Tendo em conta as características dos diferentes modelos e a situação sociológico-política no terreno, o melhor modelo para um futuro estado reunificado parece ser o modelo liberal cidadania, ou seja, algo se possa aproximar um pouco do do melting pot que caracteriza tradicionalmente a concepção de cidadania norte-americana. Este coloca o ênfase num sistema de valores comum e inclusivo de todos os cidadãos. Não só rejeita o modelo etnonacionalista que cultiva uma identidade étnico-religiosa não invulgarmente agressiva - e se mostrou explosivo nos conflitos da ex-Jugoslávia -, como também não promove a criação de ‘cidadãos hifenizados‘, como é típico, por exemplo, do modelo multicultural canadiano. O modelo de cidadania liberal abstrai, assim, das diferenças étnicas e religiosas que não são assuntos para a esfera pública, nem para acções governativas, não deixando espaço para políticas separatistas. Neste debate, parece-nos sustentada a posição de Andreas Theophanous, quando afirma que ‘o restabelecimento da economia, sociedade e território em Chipre apenas pode ser promovido através de um modelo integracionista e federal‘. Assim, o modelo etnonacionalista - que foi provavelmente a principal fonte de inspiração dos planos anteriores de reunificação -, acabou por ser também uma parte do problema cipriota. Todavia, o principal problema actual já nem parece ser tanto o modelo etnonacionalista, mas a ideologia multiculturalista em voga no mundo ocidental e nas organizações internacionais, como a ONU e a UE, que têm um papel importante no processo de reunificação. Esta ideologia promove o ‘culto da diversidade‘ e, de alguma maneira também, o surgimento de ‘cidadãos-hifenizados‘ (ver o livro de Neil Bissoondath sobre o Culto do Multiculturalismo no Canada). Frequentemente isto acaba por se transformar num obstáculo à integração de pessoas com diferentes origens étnico-religiosas e linguísticas, bem como à formação e consolidação de um estado unificado e de uma cultura cívica partilhada. No caso de Chipre, ironicamente, assemelha-se ainda ao sistema imperial e teocrático do millet, usado pelos otomanos para governar a ilha até ao século XIX.
JPTF 2008/05/12
fevereiro 21, 2008
A UE, o Kosovo e Chipre: uma estranha política externa

Para a presidência portuguesa da UE foi certamente um grande alívio que os albaneses do Kosovo tivessem aceitado transferir a sua declaração unilateral de independência para o início de 2008. A Eslovénia, um pequeno estado também saído das guerras da ex-Jugoslávia, sem poder e meios para lidar com este complexo problema diplomático, acabou por receber uma prenda envenenada na sua estreia à frente dos destinos da UE. A seguir a esta, não será difícil à França, que lhe sucederá no segundo semestre de 2008, fazer melhor figura na condução dos assuntos europeus recuperando alguma liderança europeia, como ambiciona Nicolas Sarkozy. Quanto à data de 17 de Fevereiro, tudo indica que vai ficar como uma referência importante para os actuais “conflitos congelados” em território europeu e fora dele. Desde logo pela declaração unilateral de independência do líder dos albaneses do Kosovo, Hashim Tahçi; mas também pela primeira volta das eleições presidenciais em Chipre, que levaram ao afastamento das possibilidades de reeleição do actual presidente, Tassos Papadopoulos, um crítico do Plano Annan para a reunificação da ilha.
Interessante é ligar estes dois acontecimentos em curso e a política da UE face aos mesmos. No caso do Kosovo, a linha diplomática dominante é de que as ambições de separatismo dos albaneses da região devem ser premiadas com o reconhecimento da independência. Esta é apresentada como sendo a consequência lógica da intervenção militar da NATO, em 1999, contra a Sérvia agressora de Slobodan Milosevic, bem como do Plano Ahtisaari das Nações Unidas sobre o futuro do Kosovo. No caso de Chipre, a política é, por sua vez, a de apoiar a reunificação da ilha também nos termos de um plano das Nações Unidas (o plano Annan), e não reconhecer a também proclamada unilateralmente (e até agora só reconhecida pela Turquia), República Turca de Chipre do Norte («KKTC»), em 1983. Coincidência, ou talvez não, na génese das ambições separatistas dos cipriotas turcos está também uma “operação humanitária” efectuada em 1974, para salvar os cipriotas turcos da “agressão cipriota grega e grega”. Quanto aos seus mais de 30.000 soldados no Norte da ilha são apenas uma “força de paz” como a da UE nos Balcãs (esta é a versão oficial da Turquia sobre a invasão da ilha). Sendo estas as linhas de política externa, a UE parece ter-se regozijado não só com a declaração unilateral de independência do Kosovo de Hashim Tahçi, com o afastamento de Tassos Papadopoulos em Chipre. Nos media, apesar de algumas reservas pontuais, prevaleceu também similar visão e entusiasmo quanto ao devir destas duas questões internacionais. O único problema é que tudo indica que estamos perante exercícios de wishful thinking e que o futuro destes destas questões internacionais poderá ser até bem mais complicado do que já era. Desde logo, as contradições da política externa europeia estão no cerne da questão.
A UE que, de algum modo tem por ambição federar os povos europeus, apoia não uma federação entre sérvios e kosovares com uma ampla autonomia para estes, mas a secessão destes últimos, promovendo uma Europa que, em vez de se unificar, cada vez mais se fragmenta (o Kosovo é o sexto estado a emergir da ex-Jugoslávia). A segunda contradição, também notória, reside no facto de apoiar a unificação de cipriotas gregos e turcos, ao mesmo tempo que a apoia a separação de sérvios e kosovares. A consequência natural desta política é dar argumentos e legitimar a pretensão (ilegal face ao Direito Internacional) dos cipriotas turcos sobre o reconhecimento da «KKTC», predispondo-os para a não reunificação. Na imprensa turca discute-se abertamente esta possibilidade, em contraste com wishful thinking que prevalece na imprensa portuguesa e europeia, de que o afastamento de Tassos Papadopoulos, simplisticamente esteriotipado como culpado do statu quo, vai abrir caminho à solução para o problema. Para além destas contradições, há várias consequências estratégicas a outros níveis, todas elas bem negativas. Sob uma mal disfarçada aparência de unidade – a originalidade de uma posição comum, onde não há posição comum a não ser cada estado tomar a posição que bem entende, e proclamar que “o Kosovo é um caso único e não serve de precedente” é uma coisa sui generis... –, vê-se de novo o triste espectáculo de uma (des)União Europeia do género da ocorrida em 2003, aquando da guerra do Iraque. Agora é a UE a dividir-se entre os que pretendem reconhecer o Kosovo (a nuance aqui reside no facto de os países grandes estarem de acordo) e os que não o farão, como a Espanha, a Roménia, a Bulgária, a Grécia, Eslováquia e Chipre.
Para além da fractura na UE, a independência do Kosovo está a provocar outra paralisia nas Nações Unidas (que também lembra a guerra do Iraque), não chegando, ao que tudo indica, o Conselho de Segurança a qualquer entendimento, dada a oposição frontal da Rússia e da China à independência unilateral do Kosovo (a pouca credibilidade que as Nações Unidas ainda têm cai assim ainda mais baixo). Mas se isto, só por si, já é mau, a questão tem ainda contornos piores, pois abre uma nova linha de conflito com a Rússia, dando-lhe boas razões para uma nova “guerra-fria”, e motivando-a, cada vez mais, para uma coligação com a China e outros estados descontentes com a actual ordem mundial. Quanto à Sérvia, esta atitude europeia só pode reforçar as forças políticas nacionalistas e mais radicais e fragilizar a coligação governativa de Vojislav Kostunica, enraizando o ressentimento dos sérvios face à UE. Tudo isto é negativo em termos de ambiente internacional e os europeus são a parte mais vulnerável do mundo ocidental, embora actuem como se não fossem.
Para a administração Bush, a independência do Kosovo é apenas corolário da política da administração Clinton para os Balcãs, iniciada nos anos 90. Os Balcãs estão a milhares de quilómetros, não são o México, nem a Nicarágua, nem o país tem territórios com pretensões independentistas, como acontece com vários estados europeus. Outras prioridades estratégicas se seguirão que não a Europa e, muito menos, os Balcãs (os grandes desafios que enfrentam ao seu poder estão cada vez mais no Médio Oriente e Ásia). Por razões geopolíticas óbvias, os europeus não podem pensar assim. Um estado falhado à suas portas será um desastre em termos de segurança, criando um oásis para a criminalidade comum e o jihadismo. Só que ao envolvimento da UE no Kosovo junta-se a necessidade de se envolver (leia-se integrar), a Croácia, a Macedónia, o Montenegro, a Sérvia (se esta ainda tiver vontade de aderir…), a Albânia, e a Turquia, para além das expectativas legítimas, e reforçadas pelas atitudes da UE, de adesão da Ucrânia e da Geórgia. A grande questão é como lidar com todas estas frentes estratégicas abertas ao mesmo tempo, pois a declaração de independência do Kosovo pode, com mais propriedade, ser qualificada como uma “declaração de dependência” da UE e dos EUA, a que se poderá seguir uma dependência do mundo árabe islâmico, se estas falharem nas expectativas criadas de segurança e bem-estar. Face à crescente aversão da opinião pública europeia aos alargamentos, às debilidades de funcionamento intrínsecas da UE, à crise económica e financeira e ao tenso ambiente internacional subsequente ao 11 de Setembro, é pouco provável que haja vontade, capacidade e meios de levar estas tarefas a bom termo. O que se seguirá é difícil de prever mas não dá margens para muito optimismo pela desinteligência estratégica das políticas seguidas.
JPTF 2001/02/2008
dezembro 18, 2007
dezembro 10, 2007
"Chipre: o reecontro da Europa com a ‘questão do Oriente‘" in revista História nº 77

A 3 de Julho de 1990 o governo da Kypriaki Dimokratia/República de Chipre presidido por Georgios Vassiliou solicitou formalmente a sua adesão às Comunidades Europeias. Na sequência deste pedido, e após diversas hesitações e diligências prévias de aproximação, foram finalmente abertas negociações de adesão (1998). Estas, após uma fase negocial marcada por alguma turbulência, acabaram por ser concluídas com sucesso já nos primeiros anos do século XXI (2003). Deste modo, a República de Chipre é hoje um dos dez novos membros que integram a actual União Europeia (UE), desde o último alargamento efectuado a 1 de Maio de 2004. Mas, o pedido de adesão da República de Chipre e sua entrada na UE, marcaram, também, pela primeira vez, o envolvimento directo europeu nos territórios históricos da «questão do Oriente», pela integração, para já ainda parcial, dum território e duma população estreitamente ligados aos problemas resultantes da dissolução do Império Otomano e à formação do seu principal Estado sucessor, a República da Turquia. Ver texto integral do artigo.
outubro 13, 2007
Comentário: A Presidência Portuguesa da UE e a questão de Chipre

É um lugar comum, quando se fala da União Europeia (UE), qualificá-la como «gigante económico e anão político». Em causa está a sua escassa influência nas grandes questões internacionais e a dificuldade em projectar uma influência diplomática similar não só à das grandes potências mundiais, como os EUA, mas também da re-emergente Rússia e provavelmente até à das crescentemente importantes China e Índia, sobretudo da primeira. As razões apontadas são normalmente que, no domínio económico, há uma elevada integração e partilha de soberania, enquanto no domínio político funcionam mecanismos de cooperação intergovernamental ineficazes, os quais não permitem à UE «falar a uma só voz» na cena mundial. Foi aliás este um dos argumentos mais usados para justificar a necessidade de uma Constituição Europeia, surgindo agora para justificar o Tratado Europeu, actualmente em negociações sob a presidência portuguesa. Este ênfase usual no argumento institucional esconde, todavia, debilidades mais profundas da UE, que vão para além da questão da reforma Tratados. Talvez a situação mais evidenciadora essa debilidade seja a questão de Chipre que, desde 2004, é um Estado-membro da UE. No imaginário europeu parece inconcebível uma força de manutenção de paz das Nações Unidas para resolver um conflito dentro da União. Todavia, essa situação existe! Em território europeu encontra-se a mais antiga força de manutenção de paz das Nações Unidas, a UNFICYP, criada originalmente em 1964, pela Resolução nº 186 do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas. Uma interrogação ocorre: como ser um actor de primeira grandeza em questões internacionais importantes como, por exemplo, o programa nuclear iraniano, o conflito no Darfur ou a repressão na Birmânia, quando, «dentro de casa», se deixam transparecer óbvias dificuldades político-diplomáticas? Mais: aceitariam os EUA, a Rússia ou a China forças de manutenção de paz das Nações Unidas no seu território? (Imagine-se a sua credibilidade internacional no dia em que o fizerem...). Aparentemente, esta questão não preocupa a presidência portuguesa – está longe das nossas áreas tradicionais de interesse e é um problema espinhoso... –, que prefere ficar com o seu nome ligado a um Tratado (não referendável, claro) e alimentar sonhos de influência pós-colonial em África. Mas, independentemente das prioridades da agenda política, a persistência da divisão e presença militar turca do Norte de Chipre mostra os limites do soft power europeu. A República Turca do Norte de Chipre (RTNC) é um Estado não reconhecido a nível internacional (excepto pela Turquia), declarado ilegal pelas resoluções nº 541 (1983) e 550 (1984) do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas. Só a República de Chipre é reconhecida a nível internacional e tem soberania legal sobre todo o território (de facto, não controla a parte Norte). A RTNC alberga entre 35.000 a 43.000 soldados da Turquia, numa área com cerca de 3.300 km2 e uma população de 200.000 a 250.000 habitantes (entre cipriotas turcos de origem e emigrantes/colonos turcos). Para o governo turco trata-se de uma «operação humanitária» e de um problema do foro das Nações Unidas. À UE convém acreditar pela sua incapacidade em lidar com o assunto. Mesmo aceitando esta qualificação inapropriada é notório que há um número desproporcionado de tropas. No caso da Bósnia-Herzegovina (com 51.129 Km2 e 4,5 milhões de habitantes), existe uma força humanitária – a SFOR – hoje com 12.000 efectivos. No caso do Afeganistão, um país com 647.500 km2 e 32 milhões de habitantes, a ISAF tem um total de 31.000 efectivos. Questão final: qual a credibilidade internacional da UE se, num território que é da República de Chipre e também europeu, um país candidato – a Turquia –, se sente «obrigada» a manter uma «força de manutenção de paz»? Será que isto se resolve com piedosas declarações de apoio à adesão da Turquia, como parece ser a panaceia da diplomacia portuguesa?
JPTF 2007/10/12
junho 27, 2007
"À procura das raízes num Chipre dividido" in Turkish Daily News, 26 de Junho de 2007

Armed with vague childhood memories, printouts of Google Earth maps and hand drawings of streets that might no longer exist, I crossed into north Cyprus in search of my grandmother's home town.
It was a journey to the birthplace of a larger-than-life woman whose memory I cherish, to the house my besotted grandfather built for his 17-year-old bride in 1928.
"When you marry, find someone handsome because you'll have to look at him for the rest of your life," my barely literate but very practical grandmother advised me when I was 10.
She died aged 90. That was before 2003, when the crossing points on the U.N.-patrolled green line that splits the Mediterranean island opened, allowing Greek and Turkish Cypriots the first glimpse of each other in nearly 30 years.
The Nicosia checkpoint was not the busy spot I remembered from previous trips. Lethargic officials now sat in white booths, waiting for the occasional car to pass.
"The honeymoon is over," said Mete Hatay, a Turkish Cypriot researcher for the Oslo-based International Peace Research Institute, my companion on this trip. "Fewer and fewer people cross over every day. Reality has overtaken curiosity."
I've lived my adult life away from this island and this journey is not hard for me. But I know that people on both sides of this divide, which has defied decades of international peace efforts, still nurse open wounds.
For many of the 160,000 Greek Cypriots who fled in 1974 when Turkey launched a military operation in reaction to a Greek Cypriot coup, it is a heart-breaking experience, especially when they find their ancestral homes occupied by Turks.
"For the Turkish Cypriots, moving to the north was more like migrating to freedom, not the tragedy it was for the Greek Cypriots," said Mete, whose grandmother comes from the south.
About 40,000 Turkish Cypriots were also displaced after inter-communal fighting in the 1960s, shortly after Cyprus declared its independence from the British.
Worlds apart:
As we drove through the divided capital had seen few benefits from Cyprus's accession to the European Union in 2004.
In the south, luxury showrooms, hotels and restaurants abound in a tourism-driven economy. In the north, shops sell fashions of past decades and provincial casinos are the main attraction for the few foreigners who venture here.
Star-and-crescent flags are everywhere. One is painted on the mountain, its huge form outlined with flashing lights.
We reached the town of Kythrea, 15 km northeast of Nicosia. It's known in Turkish as Degirmenlik -- water mills.
The bleak, crumbling town was foreign to me. Gone were the animals grazing in green fields and farmers picking oranges and olives that impressed me as a suburban child visiting relatives.
Most houses appeared deserted and the land abandoned.
The large Church of Holy Mary Chardiakiotissa was built with the island's trademark yellow sandstone in a gothic-orthodox style mix. The bell tower is now adorned with speakers for the muezzin's call to prayer.
Nearby stands the simple, white, two-storey house where my grandmother arrived as a bride, where my mother and her siblings were born.
I knocked on the door but there was no answer.
"The people who live there are Turks from the Aegean coast," said a friendly neighbour, Ramazan Kaldirim, 23, whose family came here from a village near the Black Sea in 1976.
I told him I have no claim on this house, sold after my grandfather died in the 1950s. I am connected to it only through stories of happy matchmakings and tragic deaths, of children's mischief and friends' kindness during hard times.
We also stopped at my uncle's 19th century house to admire its carved stone entrance, now padlocked. He lived here until 1974 and he drew for me the maps of my mission.
Back in Nicosia, he asked me if his house was still standing but barely looked at the snapshots I show him.
"I know what my house looks like," he told me.
JPTF 26/06/2007
http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=76710
maio 14, 2007
“Chpre envia SOS ao Parlamento Europeu sobre a destruição no Norte da ilha” in The Cyprus Weekly, 14 de Maio de 2007
por Alex Efthyvoulos
The destruction of the cultural heritage in Turkish-occupied north Cyprus is a shame and the European Union must intervene promptly to stop it, Reimer Boge the highly influential Chairman of the EU Parliament’s Budget committee said here this week. He was addressing a large gathering at the opening of an exhibition of photographs at the EU Parliament illustrating the terrible and, in many places irreversible, destruction and desecration of Greek churches, monasteries, cemeteries and other Christian religious monuments in the occupied north of the island. More than 200 people, including many parliamentarians, attended the special opening of the exhibition. Boge pointed out that "this exhibition shows only some of the destructions and damages in the northern part of Cyprus. Unfortunately, many places that are witnesses of thousands of years of civilisation and religions in Cyprus are today ruined and some of them beyond repair. This is a shame... Now is the time for all those feeling responsible and committed to European principles to support and not block the restoration as soon as possible". Boge, who is married to a Cypriot Maronite from Karpasia village in the occupied north, said he has visited Cyprus repeatedly and has learnt "about its fascinating history... and the challenges that have to be solved to guarantee the European principles and values for all citizens of Cyprus. Cyprus has become for me my second home country and I feel very much emotionally and politically committed."
Word of desperation
He recalled that Cyprus is now a member of the European Union, adding that "European cooperation and integration must be based on common rules, values and principles such as tolerance, respect, legality and the protection of these principles, otherwise Europe will cease to exist in future". Yiannakis Matsis, one of the Cypriot members of the EU parliament who organised the exhibition, told the audience that the photos on display "cannot give the extent of the catastrophe. On the spot things are far worse. The cultural heritage of northern Cyprus is sending an SOS signal: A civilisation is disappearing." Matsis said the opening of the exhibition coincided with the celebration of Europe Day and "we are all proud of the role that the European citizens of the 27 member states are playing internationally for the protection of peace and stability in the world and the promotion of human rights and basic European principles."Cyprus is asking desperately for help... My words are words of desperation. Cyprus civilisation does not only belong to the Cypriots. Our civilisation in the northern occupied part of the island is part of the European civilisation. “It belongs to the whole world. Therefore, the question is clear: is Europe ready or not to protect her own principles of cultural heritage? We are here to fight for this".
500 churches totally destroyed
He added that "nine thousand years of recorded civilisation in Cyprus is threatened with complete extinction: 500 churches of all Christian doctrines have been totally destroyed. "Mosaics of the 6th century AD have been cut off from the Virgin Mary church of Kanakaria and sold for millions of dollars abroad. "Frescoes of important cultural value have been taken from churches like Antiphonitis, Ayios Thimonanos and many others."
Starting point.
More than 40,000 Byzantine icons have been sold in the markets of the world". Matsis pointed out that EU Expansion Commissioner Olli Rehn "has been politically committed to allocate part of financial aid to the Turkish Cypriots for the protection and restoration of churches and any other religious monuments. But, unfortunately, we are still waiting..." Boge urged the island communities "to join forces in order to address the open questions related to cultural heritage". He recalled that the Council of Europe conducted a study and prepared a detailed report 20 years ago on the cultural heritage in Cyprus. "Based on the findings I suggest that a committee including members of all communities and independent experts should be established in order to inspect and to record the current situation and prepare a plan with possible solutions". He also recalled that the EU parliament asked the EU commission last December to allocate funds for infrastructure projects and the preservation of cultural heritage in north Cyprus. "We are expecting that the Commission will respond to this demand positively. “Of course, a natural, constructive and a fair approach should be adopted to embrace the protection and preservation of all cultural monuments regardless of their location, origin and faith", he said. He concluded saying: "Let use the exhibition as a starting point to present the cultural heritage problems to Europe and European Institutions, with the hope that they will initiate some actions and solutions".and for prompt EU intervention.
http://www.cyprusweekly.com.cy/default.aspx?FrontPageNewsID=304_1
JPTF 2007/05/14
The destruction of the cultural heritage in Turkish-occupied north Cyprus is a shame and the European Union must intervene promptly to stop it, Reimer Boge the highly influential Chairman of the EU Parliament’s Budget committee said here this week. He was addressing a large gathering at the opening of an exhibition of photographs at the EU Parliament illustrating the terrible and, in many places irreversible, destruction and desecration of Greek churches, monasteries, cemeteries and other Christian religious monuments in the occupied north of the island. More than 200 people, including many parliamentarians, attended the special opening of the exhibition. Boge pointed out that "this exhibition shows only some of the destructions and damages in the northern part of Cyprus. Unfortunately, many places that are witnesses of thousands of years of civilisation and religions in Cyprus are today ruined and some of them beyond repair. This is a shame... Now is the time for all those feeling responsible and committed to European principles to support and not block the restoration as soon as possible". Boge, who is married to a Cypriot Maronite from Karpasia village in the occupied north, said he has visited Cyprus repeatedly and has learnt "about its fascinating history... and the challenges that have to be solved to guarantee the European principles and values for all citizens of Cyprus. Cyprus has become for me my second home country and I feel very much emotionally and politically committed."
Word of desperation
He recalled that Cyprus is now a member of the European Union, adding that "European cooperation and integration must be based on common rules, values and principles such as tolerance, respect, legality and the protection of these principles, otherwise Europe will cease to exist in future". Yiannakis Matsis, one of the Cypriot members of the EU parliament who organised the exhibition, told the audience that the photos on display "cannot give the extent of the catastrophe. On the spot things are far worse. The cultural heritage of northern Cyprus is sending an SOS signal: A civilisation is disappearing." Matsis said the opening of the exhibition coincided with the celebration of Europe Day and "we are all proud of the role that the European citizens of the 27 member states are playing internationally for the protection of peace and stability in the world and the promotion of human rights and basic European principles."Cyprus is asking desperately for help... My words are words of desperation. Cyprus civilisation does not only belong to the Cypriots. Our civilisation in the northern occupied part of the island is part of the European civilisation. “It belongs to the whole world. Therefore, the question is clear: is Europe ready or not to protect her own principles of cultural heritage? We are here to fight for this".
500 churches totally destroyed
He added that "nine thousand years of recorded civilisation in Cyprus is threatened with complete extinction: 500 churches of all Christian doctrines have been totally destroyed. "Mosaics of the 6th century AD have been cut off from the Virgin Mary church of Kanakaria and sold for millions of dollars abroad. "Frescoes of important cultural value have been taken from churches like Antiphonitis, Ayios Thimonanos and many others."
Starting point.
More than 40,000 Byzantine icons have been sold in the markets of the world". Matsis pointed out that EU Expansion Commissioner Olli Rehn "has been politically committed to allocate part of financial aid to the Turkish Cypriots for the protection and restoration of churches and any other religious monuments. But, unfortunately, we are still waiting..." Boge urged the island communities "to join forces in order to address the open questions related to cultural heritage". He recalled that the Council of Europe conducted a study and prepared a detailed report 20 years ago on the cultural heritage in Cyprus. "Based on the findings I suggest that a committee including members of all communities and independent experts should be established in order to inspect and to record the current situation and prepare a plan with possible solutions". He also recalled that the EU parliament asked the EU commission last December to allocate funds for infrastructure projects and the preservation of cultural heritage in north Cyprus. "We are expecting that the Commission will respond to this demand positively. “Of course, a natural, constructive and a fair approach should be adopted to embrace the protection and preservation of all cultural monuments regardless of their location, origin and faith", he said. He concluded saying: "Let use the exhibition as a starting point to present the cultural heritage problems to Europe and European Institutions, with the hope that they will initiate some actions and solutions".and for prompt EU intervention.
http://www.cyprusweekly.com.cy/default.aspx?FrontPageNewsID=304_1
JPTF 2007/05/14
maio 05, 2007
Entrevista com Yiorgos Lillikas, Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros de Chipre in Spiegel online International, 4 de Maio de 2007

‘Por que é que deveríamos adoptar a cultura turca?‘
SPIEGEL ONLINE: The road to Turkish membership in the European Union leads through Cyprus. Should Turkey not recognize Cyprus and open up trade with the country, it cannot become an EU member. But domestically, Turkey also has a lot of work left to do to implement the criteria for membership. Does the current government crisis in Turkey between the military-backed secularists and the Islamic government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan worsen Turkey's chances of accession and lessen the chances of finding a solution to the Cyprus problem?
Yiorgos Lillikas: Both. I am afraid that every time we have a political crisis in Turkey, Cyprus pays the price, especially should the military return to power. As we have seen in the past, that would mean a more hardliner policy and a more aggressive policy toward Cyprus. Cyprus is still seen by the Turkish military as vital for the country's security. This is a very old fashioned and outdated approach. If they don't change, then the Cyprus problem cannot be solved and it won't be possible for Turkey to become a member of the European Union.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Last December at the EU summit, Turkey maintained its refusal to open up all its ports and airports to traffic from Cyprus and elected not to move towards normalizing relations between the two countries. Do you think the Turkish position might soften once the upcoming elections are over?
Lillikas: I certainly hope so. In the European Union, a lot of partners thought that because of approaching elections in Turkey, the government in Ankara was unable to implement its obligations toward the European Union. If that is the case, then it can also be true of the Cyprus problem.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Given the role the military plays in Turkish political life, why should Turkey be a part of the European Union at all?
Lillikas: If Turkey doesn't change its political culture by adopting European values, then of course it cannot become a member of the European Union. That should be clear for everybody. But we have to keep the incentives alive for Turkey. I am always opposed to those who say that Turkey should never become a member of the EU, because then, the Turkish government has no incentive to pursue reforms. But I am also opposed to those on the other extreme who say that they support Turkey unconditionally. The result is the same. If the Turkish government believes that it can become an EU member without fulfilling the criteria, then it would likewise have no incentive to reform.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Is Turkey's desire to join the European Union the only lever that Cyprus has in negotiations with Turkey over the potential reunification of the island?
Lillikas: Unfortunately yes. We are too small to have other levers. This is why I am dumbfounded when Turkish politicians say they would never accept the withdrawal of Turkish troops from Cyprus for security reasons. Come on! Maybe we are not very clever, us Cypriots, but we are not so stupid that we would attack Turkey.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Is the goal of eventual Cypriot reunification the only reason that Cyprus supports Turkish membership?
Lillikas: This is the main reason. On the other hand, if Turkey stays out of the EU, what is the future of Turkey? If we don't accept Turkey into the European Union, then it will turn to other solutions. But what other solutions are there? There is no other solution.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: And there is no other solution for Cyprus?
Lillikas: No, there isn't.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Given this fact, wouldn't it make sense for Cyprus to support certain EU concessions toward Turkey like opening up trade with the Turkish controlled, northern part of the island - which the EU promised Turkish Cypriots in 2004 but which has been blocked by Cyprus since?
Lillikas: This idea is a paradoxical one. Five days before the accession of Cyprus into the EU, the EU decided to work for the economic development of the Turkish Cypriots and that this should lead to the economic integration of the island and eventually to reunification. The question I asked the Commission though is how, through imposing separate trade relationships, this is consistent with the goal of economic integration and reunification? By establishing separate interests, you lead the country to a division. If this is what some Europeans want -- a division of the island -- it is better to say it clearly. But if we are sincere that we want the reunification of the island -- and according to the accession treaty of Cyprus into the EU, the whole island is already a member of the EU -- they must give an answer as to how direct trade serves economic integration. And they haven't answered this question.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Could one not see the establishment of trade as a symbolic gesture to build trust with Turkey and thus make Ankara more willing to move toward concessions of their own?
Lillikas: If there is someone in Europe who wants to create trust between the European Union and Turkey and to offer more benefits to Turkey as an incentive to integrate with the EU, they should give this benefit from their own country.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Cyprus, of course, continues to insist that the issue of Turkish accession and the issue of trade with northern Cyprus are separate ...
Lillikas: ... they are separate ...
SPIEGEL ONLINE: ... they are legally separate, yes. But if you want to solve the Cyprus problem, do you really think that the two issues can be completely split from one another?
Lillikas: Why should we adopt the Turkish culture? We should think in a European way, not in a Turkish way. The Turkish government, from the beginning, has been trying to negotiate the European acquis communautaire (European law which new members must accept). It is the first country to have done that. Because they say they have difficulties accepting this or adopting that, they ask for something in exchange. Instead of trying to adopt the European culture, they are trying to get into a political game like in an Anatolian bazaar. We don't accept this. Some politicians in Europe are ready to accept it. My answer to them is: They can give benefits from their own country to Turkey.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: But the issue of divided Cyprus is one issue, with roots much further back than the 1974 Turkish invasion. Turkey's EU aspiration is a completely different issue. But Cyprus insists on wrapping itself in the cloak of the EU in order to address this unrelated problem.
Lillikas: The other way around would be very abnormal. Cyprus fulfilled all of the criteria to join the European Union. Had we not been allowed in because of the Turkish invasion, it would have been like punishing us for being punished by Turkey. Cyprus became a member of the EU because we adopted the EU criteria. We have contributed to the European civilization since antiquity. We are not like Turkey which is trying to adopt European culture. We had the European culture and we contributed to its development.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Unfortunately, that doesn't make the solution to the Cyprus problem any easier.
Lillikas: To solve the Cyprus problem, compromise must come from both sides, not just from our side as the small, weakest party.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Is Cyprus really the weaker partner? Cyprus has what Turkey wants and Cyprus can block Turkish membership.
Lillikas: If you think like that, you forget the origin of the problem. The origin of the problem is that there is an occupation. The problem is because Turkish troops came to Cyprus. We cannot start with 2007. If Turkish troops had not invaded Cyprus, and there were no occupation, we wouldn't have the problem with Turkey. We have to go back to the origin of the problem.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,481079,00.html
JPTF 5/05/2007
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