tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57313504173773962162024-03-13T00:44:27.682+00:00acutilantePortugal, a Europa e o Mundo em Transformação do Século XXIUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger908125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-32153868916313021942013-02-22T08:30:00.000+00:002013-02-22T08:57:32.120+00:00<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">O Acutilante</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-variant: small-caps;"> deixa de ter atualização de conteúdos a partir de 25 de Fevereiro de 2013. As temáticas são retomadas no</span><a href="http://www.jptfernandes.org/blog/index.html" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-variant: small-caps; text-decoration: none;"> </a><a href="http://www.jptfernandes.org/blog/index.html" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-variant: small-caps; text-decoration: none;">caderno de notas de José Pedro Teixeira Fernandes</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-variant: small-caps;">. </span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-91512815247673274312013-02-08T11:44:00.002+00:002013-02-08T11:44:54.906+00:00Livro: ‘Elementos de Economia Política Internacional‘, 2ª edição
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Situada no cruzamento da Economia e das Relações Internacionais, a Economia
Política Internacional é uma disciplina recentemente instituída nos <i>curricula</i> académicos. O seu objeto de
estudo são as complexas interações entre o económico e o político com origem em
atores estaduais e não estaduais e projetando-se sobre a riqueza e o poder.
Assim, no livro <i>Elementos de Economia
Política Internacional</i> são expostas diferentes perspetivas de abordagem e
alguns instrumentos teórico-conceptuais de base. São ainda analisadas matérias
centrais deste campo de estudos, ligadas ao sistema comercial e financeiro
internacional. Entre estas, mereceram particular destaque a arquitetura
económico-financeira mundial, a integração económica internacional centrada na
experiência da Europa e a globalização da economia política internacional. A
análise é completada com dois estudos de caso: o primeiro sobre a unificação
monetária europeia e a crise da zona euro; o segundo sobre o declínio do Japão
e a ascensão da China na economia global.<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-52276223551825418322013-01-29T18:24:00.001+00:002013-01-29T19:30:40.257+00:00Ocidente e Islão: duas Histórias paralelas e em competição, com vocação universalista <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHsRb2gxhWlTJWhKgj_nOj1kYe430vablCsCWbC6BH94hNQYJsLBs6hMzvnlgW03cCAaQDpipMIP-wrNAGisHSQgvETitxBEq2vKmKQXU1V_dHs74m6rz79GzpGtgmGWlwr8Cs2OSyO_xW/s1600/destinydisrupted.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHsRb2gxhWlTJWhKgj_nOj1kYe430vablCsCWbC6BH94hNQYJsLBs6hMzvnlgW03cCAaQDpipMIP-wrNAGisHSQgvETitxBEq2vKmKQXU1V_dHs74m6rz79GzpGtgmGWlwr8Cs2OSyO_xW/s400/destinydisrupted.jpg" width="277" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">A versão islâmica<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">1. A “idade da trevas” (Antiguidade da Mesopotâmia e Pérsia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">2. O nascimento do Islão<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">3. O Califado: a procura da Unidade Universal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">6. O renascimento: a era dos três impérios (turco-otomano,
persa safávida e mogol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">7. A penetração no Oriente do Ocidente<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">A versão ocidental<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">1. A génese da civilização (Egipto e Mesopotâmia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">3. A Idade Média/”idade das trevas” (a ascensão do
Cristianismo)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">4. O Renascimento (cultura clássica e reforma protestante)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">5. O Iluminismo (razão, ciência)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">6. Revoluções (liberal, democrática, industrial)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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nacionalistas/impérios<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">8. A I Guerra Mundial e a II Guerra Mundial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">9. A Guerra-Fria (capitalismo-liberal<i> versus</i> socialismo-comunista)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">10. O triunfo da democracia liberal-capitalista <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-48186105590259393052013-01-25T12:59:00.000+00:002013-01-25T12:59:03.107+00:00Um novo ‘Africanistão‘ na fronteira Sul da Europa?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRDV30Z7gU6W4cUEzwJTTgFCOTrCvOwUXtg5X02RzBp0G_qelVMOn_OZCLy46vONGybycQ_Vzefz9nHFG8TTOBJaNkWoRvxlU2TWQHvlezljwZsS7pZeIWL3tLpczJh3Q7HM1z7q7b8iAU/s1600/mali-and-the-region.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRDV30Z7gU6W4cUEzwJTTgFCOTrCvOwUXtg5X02RzBp0G_qelVMOn_OZCLy46vONGybycQ_Vzefz9nHFG8TTOBJaNkWoRvxlU2TWQHvlezljwZsS7pZeIWL3tLpczJh3Q7HM1z7q7b8iAU/s400/mali-and-the-region.png" width="400" /></a></div>
After years spent waging war on terror in Afghanistan and Iraq,
almost $1.5 trillion in direct costs and hundreds of thousands of lives
lost, the Western public feels it has learned a hard lesson. It is more
convinced than ever that even the best-intentioned foreign intervention
is bound to bog its armies down in endless wars fighting invisible
enemies to help ungrateful locals.<br />
Echoes of Afghanistan rang loud earlier this month when French forces
swooped on advancing columns of Islamists threatening the Saharan state
of Mali. And they were heard again, a few days later, when a unit of
bearded, gun-toting jihadists from the “Signed-in-Blood Battalion”
seized a gas plant and slaughtered dozens of foreigners in next-door
Algeria—more than in any single Islamist terror attack since the bombing
of a Bali nightclub in 2002. Here, it seemed, was the next front of the
global war on terror and also a desert quagmire to entrap vainglorious
Western leaders. [...]<br />
<br />
Ver artigo da revista<a href="http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21570704-real-danger-world-turns-its-back-another-poor-place-threatened"> Economist</a><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-2668938643237665252013-01-18T16:07:00.002+00:002013-01-18T16:12:06.810+00:00Mali: a conturbada situação geopolítica explicada neste vídeo<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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A conturbada situação geopolítica no Norte do Mali, onde grupos islamistas e tuaregues separatistas controlam grande parte do terreno, explicada neste interessante vídeo do jornal <i>Le Monde</i> <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2013/01/18/video-la-carte-du-mali-decryptee-en-5-minutes_1818849_3212.html">(ver aqui o vídeo)</a>.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-26089868874870397562013-01-12T17:15:00.000+00:002013-01-12T17:16:44.844+00:00‘Abaixo a Europa sem Fronteiras‘ cartoon de Nicolas Vadot para o Le Vif/L’Express<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-25015932050656930122013-01-07T10:22:00.000+00:002013-01-07T10:24:54.724+00:00Leituras em tempo de crise (das finanças públicas e da democracia): ‘A ascensão dos não eleitos‘ de Frank Vibert <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">Sinopse do livro (em inglês): </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">Unelected bodies, such as independent central banks, economic regulators, risk managers and auditors have become a worldwide phenomenon. Democracies are increasingly turning to them to demarcate boundaries between the market and the state, to resolve conflicts of interest and to allocate resources, even in sensitive ethical areas such as those involving privacy or biotechnology. This book examines the challenge that unelected bodies present to democracy and argues that, taken together, such bodies should be viewed as a new branch of government with their own sources of legitimacy and held to account through a new separation of powers. Vibert suggests that such bodies help promote a more informed citizenry because they provide a more trustworthy and reliable source of information for decisions. </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-55807798930797577582013-01-02T22:30:00.000+00:002013-01-02T22:35:31.555+00:00A crise chegou também aos BRICs (Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China)<br />
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Over the past several years, the most talked-about trend in the global economy has been the so-called rise of the rest, which saw the economies of many developing countries swiftly converging with those of their more developed peers. The primary engines behind this phenomenon were the four major emerging-market countries, known as the BRICs: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The world was witnessing a once-in-a-lifetime shift, the argument went, in which the major players in the developing world were catching up to or even surpassing their counterparts in the developed world.</div>
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These forecasts typically took the developing world's high growth rates from the middle of the last decade and extended them straight into the future, juxtaposing them against predicted sluggish growth in the United States and other advanced industrial countries. Such exercises supposedly proved that, for example, China was on the verge of overtaking the United States as the world's largest economy-a point that Americans clearly took to heart, as over 50 percent of them, according to a Gallup poll conducted this year, said they think that China is already the world's "leading" economy, even though the U.S. economy is still more than twice as large (and with a per capita income seven times as high).</div>
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As with previous straight-line projections of economic trends, however-such as forecasts in the 1980s that Japan would soon be number one economically-later returns are throwing cold water on the extravagant predictions. With the world economy heading for its worst year since 2009, Chinese growth is slowing sharply, from double digits down to seven percent or even less. And the rest of the BRICs are tumbling, too: since 2008, Brazil's annual growth has dropped from 4.5 percent to two percent; Russia's, from seven percent to 3.5 percent; and India's, from nine percent to six percent.</div>
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None of this should be surprising, because it is hard to sustain rapid growth for more than a decade. The unusual circumstances of the last decade made it look easy: coming off the crisis-ridden 1990s and fueled by a global flood of easy money, the emerging markets took off in a mass upward swing that made virtually every economy a winner. By 2007, when only three countries in the world suffered negative growth, recessions had all but disappeared from the international scene. But now, there is a lot less foreign money flowing into emerging markets. The global economy is returning to its normal state of churn, with many laggards and just a few winners rising in unexpected places. The implications of this shift are striking, because economic momentum is power, and thus the flow of money to rising stars will reshape the global balance of power. [...]</div>
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Ver artigo na <i><a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138219/ruchir-sharma/broken-brics">Foreign Affairs </a></i></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-67327086966495276112013-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:002013-01-01T00:00:09.519+00:00Feliz Ano Novo!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-58650155376030433982012-12-22T15:00:00.000+00:002012-12-22T15:19:31.013+00:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-24380931733280017802012-12-21T12:30:00.000+00:002012-12-21T16:56:26.671+00:00Leituras: Nação & Defesa nº 133, Cibersegurança<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Em <i>Utopia, liberdade e soberania no ciberespaço: o
regresso do Leviatã</i> são
discutidos os desafios que o ciberespaço e o risco de ciberataques acarretam
para a soberania do Estado e para a liberdade do cidadão. A utopia libertário-anárquica, que dominou
nos primórdios da Internet, está progressivamente a dar lugar a mecanismos de controlo e de afirmação da soberania
estadual, nomeadamente através da criação de “fronteiras” no ciberespaço. Esta
tendência, embora sob formas diferentes, pode detectar-se quer nos Estados
autoritários, quer nas democracias liberais ocidentais. Encontra-se também na
organização das forças armadas, através da criação de cibercomandos, e nas OIGs
ligadas à segurança e defesa como a NATO, onde se passou a incluir ameaça de
ciberataques no conceito estratégico.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-87864741776521249832012-12-14T08:21:00.002+00:002012-12-14T08:22:11.409+00:00‘A Europa federal não é para agora‘ in Libération (cartoon de Nicolas Vadot)<br />
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François Hollande e Angela Merkel acabam de pregar uma partida muito prejudicial à União Europeia. O par franco-alemão, por uma vez de acordo, decidiu ontem inviabilizar um debate estratégico sobre o futuro da Europa. Um debate adiado, suprimido ou mesmo banido.</div>
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Os Vinte e Sete tinham-se comprometido a adotar, antes do fim do ano, um “roteiro” político. Nele deviam constar as grandes etapas de uma “integração solidária” – para retomar uma expressão sibilina grata ao Presidente Hollande. Que solidariedade financeira, capacidade orçamental comum, controlo democrático?</div>
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Não se tratava de tomar decisões a respeito de tudo, nem de investir numa irresponsável fuga para a frente; pretendia-se apenas dinamizar todas as instituições da União e, sobretudo, abrir um vasto debate, às claras. Pelo menos por duas razões. A sobrevivência da zona euro depende disso: os Vinte e Sete só evitaram a catástrofe com decisões que foram dando passos no sentido da solidariedade financeira entre os Estados-membros, a cada cimeira apelidada de “última oportunidade”. Mas essa navegação à bolina – e é a segunda razão – foi feita sob pressão dos mercados, sem uma visão política e, sobretudo, nas costas da opinião pública.</div>
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Discordando quanto aos contornos de um novo federalismo europeu, franceses e alemães preferiram uma política de avestruz: Angela Merkel entra num período eleitoral e não quer correr nenhum risco, e François Hollande teme reacender velhas feridas dentro da sua maioria. Pare-se tudo!<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> [...]</span></div>
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Ver a tradução do artigo original do Libération na <a href="http://www.presseurop.eu/pt/content/article/3158391-europa-federal-nao-e-para-agora">Presseurop</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-50339730131908228482012-12-07T10:44:00.001+00:002012-12-07T10:45:57.572+00:00O afastamento britânico da União Europeia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-74834325578719537022012-12-02T18:21:00.000+00:002012-12-02T18:21:06.425+00:00A dívida pública grega e os seus credores (Fonte: Der Spiegel)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-80662975020232966842012-11-24T15:30:00.000+00:002012-11-24T15:33:53.306+00:00A rejeição britânica da proposta de orçamento europeu, cartoon de Steve Bell para o jornal Guardian<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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"Números elásticos e contabilidades que se prestam a confusões tornaram as negociações mais difíceis e, no fim de contas, podem permitir aos opositores encarniçados brandirem os mesmos documentos e gritarem vitória. (in Financial Times)". Ver texto integral de comentário ao cartoon na <a href="http://www.presseurop.eu/pt/content/cartoon/3072561-careta-de-cameron">Presseurop</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-83411049228609983032012-11-24T14:46:00.000+00:002012-11-24T15:14:35.382+00:00A propósito da atual Presidência do Conselho da União Europeia: Semana de Chipre no Espaço Europa, em Lisboa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-28588087504817215402012-11-13T18:27:00.000+00:002012-11-13T18:28:56.130+00:00‘Todos os males da Europa‘ por Marcin Król<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-P9hyphenhyphen59k2WvjFF5ftxi2FMPfOR56lIe8OFaM73mUA53iK4Gu-ItZc44AmoAPQZkWR5AnzvYXO6GGFcJDf40JwJW15a78DpnQ6AxSpXfzHH09SkzNgrbZgx3A-aQixC1PPXUva-2Q-jUed/s1600/vadot-europe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-P9hyphenhyphen59k2WvjFF5ftxi2FMPfOR56lIe8OFaM73mUA53iK4Gu-ItZc44AmoAPQZkWR5AnzvYXO6GGFcJDf40JwJW15a78DpnQ6AxSpXfzHH09SkzNgrbZgx3A-aQixC1PPXUva-2Q-jUed/s400/vadot-europe.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Sabemos que a Europa esteve quase sempre em crise. A diferença entre
uma apreensão permanente da crise tal como era sentida no passado e a
situação atual tem a ver com o facto de que, antigamente, a Europa
mantinha uma capacidade de autorreflexão e autocrítica que lhe permitia
ultrapassar as crises sucessivas. Essa faculdade já não está ao seu
alcance. A Europa de antes já não existe, simplesmente.<br />
É-nos difícil imaginar o futuro do mundo sem a Europa, talvez não a
Europa líder, mas a Europa portadora de normas básicas, bem como de
princípios para nós próprios e para as gerações futuras. A Europa é a
nossa forma de existência, a única que temos. Quando a Europa foge,
desaparece e enfraquece ao extremo, olhamos para ela sem saber o que
fazer.<br />
<h4>
O medo intelectual e espiritual</h4>
Na maior parte das vezes, surgem três tipos de resposta. A primeira
faz apelo a um regresso às soluções já experimentadas, sob as suas
diversas formas de Estado-Providência ou social-democrata.<br />
O segundo tipo de resposta consiste em dizer que a crise não é nem
única nem principalmente de natureza económica e exige uma mudança
política. Entre as visões políticas mais características encontramos a
de uma Europa federal, ligada por fortes laços internos. Esta visão
simpática é, no entanto, tão velha quanto a Europa e sempre se mostrou
errónea. O seu maior defeito é que não há uma única sociedade europeia
que deseje uma Europa federal, pela simples razão de que, mesmo que
conseguíssemos criá-la, essa Europa seria completamente diferente
daquilo que consideramos como a nossa forma de existência.<br />
Por fim, o terceiro tipo de resposta baseia-se na convicção de que a
retoma económica irá melhorar automaticamente todos os domínios da vida
europeia.<br />
Todas estas respostas têm uma coisa em comum: buscam a solução no
presente. Queremos resolver as questões aqui e agora, utilizando, de
preferência, meios bem conhecidos, mas usando-os melhor. Fazemos apelo
às medidas habituais, não por falta de imaginação ou de coragem, mas por
que não sabemos como agir de outra maneira. Se pensarmos bem, poderemos
dizer que o que caracteriza, em primeiro lugar, a Europa de hoje é o
medo. E não é o medo de um possível colapso da moeda, mas sobretudo o
medo intelectual e espiritual. [...]<br />
<br />
Ver tradução do artigo original do Polska The Times na <a href="http://www.presseurop.eu/pt/content/article/3020531-todos-os-males-da-europa">presseurop</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-20807652274095757562012-11-02T09:08:00.001+00:002012-11-02T09:09:41.498+00:00O regresso do capitalismo de estado na França e na Alemanha<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Angela Merkel, Germany’s chancellor, is rushing ahead with plans for
the German government to take a 15% stake in EADS before the end of the
year, buying shares (through KfW, the state bank for reconstruction)
that the Daimler car group and some banks want to ditch, thus bringing
it level with the French government’s shareholding. The Germans have been concerned for some time about losing out to
France on Airbus work, and have withheld some promised government loans
for the latest big Airbus plane.<br />
Now, in a bid to strengthen Germany’s
hand, Mrs Merkel appears to be taking a leaf out of the French book on
industrial policy—opting for strategic stakes in privatised groups.<br />
This startling reversal comes on top of new moves in France to extend
the reach of government into troubled manufacturers. Last week, just as
Germany was closing in on EADS, the French government guaranteed loans
of some €7 billion ($9 billion) to the finance arm of PSA Peugeot
Citroën, a carmaker. In return the government gets a seat on the board
and guarantees that dividends and share buy-backs will be suspended for
several years.<br />
French observers are waiting to see whom the ministry of finance will
name as the “independent” director. Critics fear that he or she might
be a representative of the APE (the agency for state shareholdings),
which reports to the ministries of finance and industry. Peugeot shares
fell on the announcement of the financial support, because investors
fear the door has been opened to a partial nationalisation.[...]<br />
<br />
Ver notícia na revista <a href="http://www.economist.com/news/business/21565629-france-and-germany-lead-revival-state-intervention-big-brother-back">The Economist </a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-29730006125440466042012-10-26T18:39:00.001+01:002012-10-26T18:39:14.829+01:00‘Encalhados‘, cartoon de Wolfgang Ammer para o Wiener Zeitung<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-39581482402384361182012-10-26T18:32:00.003+01:002012-10-26T18:33:47.919+01:00FMI admite que a Grécia vai falhar o objectivo da dívida pública abaixo dos 120% do PIB em 2020 <br />
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Greek debt will be above the target of 120 percent of GDP in 2020, a preliminary report by the IMF showed late on Thursday, and Athens will need more reforms before emergency credit from international lenders can start flowing again.</div>
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Excerpts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) report were presented to the Eurogroup Working Group (EWG) - junior finance ministers and treasury officials who prepare meetings of eurozone finance ministers.</div>
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"It is clear that Greece is off track and there is no chance they will cut the debt to 120 percent of GDP in 2020 as envisaged. It will be rather 136 percent, and this would be under a positive scenario of a primary budget surplus, a return to economic growth, and privatisation,» a euro zone official, who insisted on anonymity, said.</div>
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"New prior actions will be needed, on top of the existing 89,» the official said, referring to a list of already agreed reforms that need to be in place before any new tranches of eurozone and IMF emergency loans to Greece can be paid.</div>
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Apart from the debt projections, representatives of the IMF, the European Commission and the European Central Bank – known as the troika - have been calculating how much more money Athens will need if it is given until 2016 rather than 2014 to reach a primary surplus of 4.5 percent, as agreed in February.</div>
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A primary surplus or deficit is the budget balance before the government services its debt. In Greece's case, it would mean government tax revenues exceeding spending, meaning Athens is beginning to get on top of its budget-deficit problems.</div>
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The two extra years would give the fast-contracting Greek economy some welcome respite, allowing it to return to growth sooner and therefore increasing the chances the country would eventually be able to make its debt sustainable. [...]</div>
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Ver notícia no <a href="http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_26/10/2012_467497">ekathimerini.com</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-30387865332316481202012-10-19T12:31:00.002+01:002012-10-19T12:32:15.158+01:00 ‘O optimista‘ cartoon de Nicholas Vadot para o jornal belga L' Eco<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-27438263469411765392012-10-12T10:01:00.000+01:002012-10-12T10:02:14.580+01:00Um curiosa perspectiva polaca sobre a União Europeia: ‘Conto das três Europas‘ cada vez mais distantes entre si<br />
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A primeira Europa, atingida pela crise da dívida, cerra fileiras para se salvar do desastre. Fá-lo com maior ou menor êxito, mas, pelo menos para já, tem-se mantido de pé.</div>
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A segunda Europa está na bancada, observando nervosamente como correm as coisas na primeira. Não se quer juntar a ela no imediato, porque não sabe se ela vai sobreviver e tal associação tem custos. Mas teme que, se a primeira Europa sobreviver, o fosso que as separa venha a aumentar muito. E que, quando finalmente se lhe juntar, não tenha peso. Uma esquizofrenia.</div>
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A terceira Europa já não é realmente Europa. Vive na sombra de uma antiga glória, coberta pela pátina de um império, convencida da sua singularidade e capacidade de sobreviver sem as outras Europas. É dominada pelo egoísmo nacional. É por isso que a terceira Europa adverte a primeira e a segunda de que não hesitará em bloquear o seu avanço, se tiver que defender os seus próprios interesses. Porque eles estão acima de tudo o resto.</div>
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Os países da primeira Europa estão a tentar avançar na integração e coordenação das suas políticas económicas, ficando o controlo dos países mais fortes sobre os mais fracos cada vez mais apertado. A Europa nº 2 está a tentar controlar o que está a acontecer na Europa nº 1, porque estamos todos no mesmo combóio. A Europa nº 3 está contente por se ter dado a divisão, porque há muito que tinha vontade de seguir o seu próprio caminho. [...]</div>
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Ver artigo em <a href="http://www.presseurop.eu/pt/content/article/2853631-conto-das-tres-europas">presseurop</a> e versão original no jornal polaco <a href="http://wyborcza.pl/1,75968,12640779,Trzy_Europy_i_jeden_budzet__To_sie_nie_uda___.html">Gazeta Wyborcza</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-17491805236157958892012-10-09T09:01:00.004+01:002012-10-09T09:01:41.353+01:00‘Working paper‘ do FMI aponta caminho diferente de saída da crise <br />
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A
valorização do euro entre 2000 e 2009 e a nova vaga de globalização -
com a emergência da China, a integração da Europa de Leste na União
Europeia e os choques petrolíferos e de preços de outras <i>commodities</i>
- provocaram um abalo "assimétrico" dentro da zona euro, com os países
"periféricos" a serem as vítimas de um ecossistema que gerou o aumento
do endividamento e a perda de competitividade durante essa década. A
grande crise financeira que irrompeu em 2007 veio colocar a nu essa nova
realidade.</div>
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"A evidência que encontrámos de choques
assimétricos exige que se coloquem no terreno mecanismos de partilha
centralizada de risco e de transferência através dos países da zona euro
de modo a facilitar o ajustamento em relação aos choques específicos de
cada país", afirmam Ruo Chen, Gian-Maria Milesi-Ferretti e Thierry
Tressel em "External Imbalances in the Euro Area" (Desequilíbrios
externos na zona euro"). O trabalho de investigação dos três
especialistas do Departamento de Investigação do Fundo Monetário
Internacional (FMI) foi publicado nos "Working Papers" daquela
instituição em setembro e aparecerá na revista "Economic Policy". O
estudo centrou-se nos cinco maiores devedores líquidos da zona euro -
Espanha, Grécia, Irlanda, Itália e Portugal.</div>
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Por isso, aqueles economistas do FMI afirmam que o
"ajustamento externo" naqueles países deficitários não pode depender
apenas do que "tradicionalmente" é recomendado - uma "mistura", por um
lado, de políticas de consolidação orçamental e desvalorização interna
e, por outro, de fomento da produtividade e da competitividade das
exportações.</div>
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"O ajustamento [dos periféricos] seria enormemente
facilitado pelo alívio dos fatores externos", dizem os economistas do
FMI. O que implicará forte procura externa (fomentada pelos membros da
zona euro com excedentes), condições de financiamento menos onerosas e,
também, uma depreciação do euro. "Ter no terreno transferências
orçamentais, condicionadas por exigência de governação forte, será
particularmente importante, dada a fraca mobilidade do trabalho e em
virtude de rigidez no mercado de trabalho na zona euro", sublinham os
investigadores. [...]<br />
<br />
Ver artigo do <a href="http://clix.expresso.pt/investigadores-do-fmi-recomendam-terapia-diferente-da-itroikai=f758764">Expresso</a> e o <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12236.pdf">Working paper</a> do FMI </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-16418235559806983832012-10-08T17:31:00.002+01:002012-10-08T17:42:03.178+01:00Regiões mais ricas querem redesenhar o mapa da Europa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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A Catalunha pode ser o catalisador de uma nova vaga de separatismo na
União Europeia, com a Escócia e a Flandres não muito atrás. O grande
paradoxo é que a União Europeia, que assenta no conceito de soberania
partilhada, reduz os riscos para as regiões que aspiram à independência.<br />
Ao mesmo tempo que, da crise da zona euro, poderá vir a emergir uma
União Europeia pós-nacional, caminhando no sentido de mais união fiscal e
do controlo mais centralizado dos orçamentos e bancos nacionais, a
crise acelerou os apelos à independência das regiões mais ricas de
alguns Estados-membros, encolerizadas por terem de financiar as regiões
mais pobres.<br />
O presidente catalão, Artur Mas, abalou recentemente a Espanha e os
mercados ao convocar eleições regionais antecipadas e ao prometer um
referendo sobre a independência de Espanha, apesar de Madrid o
considerar ilegal. A Escócia planeia realizar um referendo sobre a
independência no outono de 2014. Os flamengos da Flandres obtiveram uma
autonomia quase total, a nível administrativo e linguístico, mas ainda
se ressentem daquilo que consideram ser a hegemonia remanescente dos
belgas de língua francesa e da elite de Bruxelas, emoções que estarão
patentes nas eleições autárquicas de 14 de outubro. Há inúmeras coisas, como casamentos, que mantêm unidos países
descontentes: história partilhada, guerras partilhadas, inimigos comuns.
Mas a crise económica na União Europeia está também a pôr a nu velhos
ressentimentos. [...]<br />
<br />
Ver o artigo original do <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/sunday-review/a-european-union-of-more-nations.html?_r=0">NYT</a> e a tradução portuguesa da<a href="http://www.presseurop.eu/pt/content/article/2833181-regioes-mais-ricas-querem-redesenhar-o-mapa"> presseurop</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5731350417377396216.post-37959429716240001412012-10-03T08:39:00.001+01:002012-10-03T08:39:53.652+01:00Pessimismo para chamar à atenção ou visão realista do futuro? (Mais) um economista que antevê a economia portuguesa fora do euro <br />
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Sinopse do Livro</div>
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O euro tem graves problemas de arquitectura, para além de ter acumulado muitos erros de gestão, agravados pelas suas propriedades de instabilidade intrínseca. As reformas necessárias à sobrevivência do euro são politicamente inaceitáveis para os países que teriam que arcar com a maior fatia da factura, em particular a Alemanha. Assim, é cada vez mais provável um qualquer tipo de desagregação do euro, que pode começar com a saída da Grécia desta zona monetária. </div>
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Ver a <a href="http://www.ionline.pt/portugal/pedro-braz-teixeira-eu-gostava-ver-certo-numero-juizes-procuradores-na-prisao">entrevista </a>com o autor no <a href="http://www.ionline.pt/portugal/pedro-braz-teixeira-eu-gostava-ver-certo-numero-juizes-procuradores-na-prisao">Jornal i</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1